ღஐღ夢の涯岸Ƹ̴Ӂ̴Ʒ夜色思念的呢喃❤

找回失落的印地安文化

「你們怎麼能夠買賣天空、土地的溫柔、羚羊的奔馳？
如果空氣的清新與水的漣漪並不屬於我們所有，我們如何賣給你們？
當野牛已經死盡，你們還能再把牠們買回來嗎？」

19世紀時，美國人持續的拓展領土已達北美洲西北角，當地居住著許多印地安部落。美國政府欲以 15 萬美元，買下現今華盛頓州普傑峽灣的二百萬英畝土地。1851年，索瓜米希族的酋長西雅圖以一篇動人與寓意深遠的聲明，闡述了人與天地萬物密不可分的關係。他呼籲人與人之間應該和諧相處，人與土地要融為一體，每個人都要感受大地的呼吸。到現今來看，這篇感人的宣言仍是如此真摯而深切地感動著世人，也警醒著人們尊重與關愛世界上每一個生命與每一片土地。

過去的三百多年來，無論西方偉大的海外開拓史，或是美國西部的移民拓荒史，對於印地安人而言，卻是一部幾近種族滅絕、不堪回首的歷史悲歌。當西方文明與印地安文化初次接軌時，黎明的開端原也有著美好的曙光，早先西方移民者在艱困的環境與飢寒交迫之中，接受印地安原住民的協助與關懷，並且學習狩獵、捕魚、種植玉米和南瓜等農耕生存方法，在印地安人的熱情幫助下，來自西方歐陸的新移民逐漸習慣了在美洲當地的生存方式，也在歡慶豐收的日子，與印地安族人一同感謝上天恩典的賜予。然而在緬懷先民艱難開拓與追思感恩的歡樂氣氛中，對印地安人的後代子民而言，卻是極端刻骨銘心的諷刺，當他們對照著西方移民者陸續對其原住民祖先殘酷剝削並屠殺的血淚歷史。

西方人未能學習印地安人依附自然生存的生活哲學，也無從體會與大地融合的生命情懷。從巧取豪奪佔領土地，最後反客為主，變成這塊土地的主人，從對生存的威脅與恐懼，轉變成毀滅性的殺戮，從對土地與物質的貪婪，到迫使印地安人離開家園大舉遷移。1830年美國國會的遷徙法案，強迫原住民遷移至蒙大拿州-印地安保留區，拒絕遷移的部族，不惜向美國政府開戰，以卵擊石的反抗，最終卻換來種族滅絕的厄運，在全族被消滅過半數後，剩餘族人最後含淚離開家園，那年冬季在冰天雪地跋涉千里，一路上飢寒交迫，無數族人倒斃路旁，悲慘的景象宛如人間煉獄！而這段「淚水之途」(The Trail of Tears)，卻要教印地安人踏下慘痛的歷史足跡。

1865年美國南北戰爭結束，鐵路大舉興建，又為印地安人帶來另一波災難，大批白人拓荒者進入西部搶奪部落土地，而美國政府再次無恥毀約，取消過去答應印地安部族的承諾：「只要青草繼續生長，土地永遠屬於原住民。」煙硝不曾熄滅，仇恨越種越深，1874年，印地安蘇族的聖地「黑山」發現黃金，數以萬計的白人淘金客湧入聖地，美國政府下令要求印地安蘇族人離開他們的居住地，當印地安蘇族人誓死捍衛聖地家園，美軍卻用滅族式的恐怖手段對付他們，其間對抗戰鬥不斷，直到印地安人再也無力反抗為止，只能殘存在保留區內，成為最邊緣化的悲情民族。

昔日的草原疆界消失了，滿山壯觀的野牛群也被殘殺殆盡，卻無法阻止世人貪婪的心，也無法遏止文明世界對大自然生態的破壞。當一座座的核電廠進入印地安保留區內，核廢料污染了土地和河流，印地安族人罹患著高比例的癌症，帶來族人不知名的病變與生存壓力。當一座座的水壩與發電廠矗立在山川河谷，阻斷了鮭魚千萬年來繁衍生命的歸鄉道路與生存記憶，同時也無情地斬斷了與鮭魚連結共生的原住民文化與信仰。而當美國政府沾沾自喜地提出改善印地安人的生活與環境時，開放賭場設立竟也成為主要的政績。那紙醉金迷的生活，是否能夠替代貼近自然的生活哲學?  喧囂迷漫的氣息，是否能夠唱出與遼闊大自然對話的歌聲?

草原上的天空已然消失，大河的悲歌仍依舊響起，數百年來，從對弱勢種族的欺凌到自然生態的迫害，人們始終未能得到領悟與教訓。現代人盲目追求物質文明的過程，竟是下一個文明毀滅的濫觴，過度物質的需求與用後即丟的習慣，讓我們地球的生態，正面臨著前所未有的耗劫。惟有當我們用心體會樹的靈魂、風的色彩與山川的對話，當我們願意感受大自然與生命的美妙之處，我們才能真正懂得尊重與關愛萬物生命，讓這世界上每一個獨立而自由的生命靈魂，傾聽自己心中的聲音，勇敢地追尋生命的真諦。

古印地安人的傳說中，認為河川是

「天神最鍾愛的銀色腰帶」。

【參考資料】

本篇文章背景音樂《安地斯山脈─大地之音 Bolivia》

過感恩節想起印地安人
http://www.worldjournal.com/wj-weekly-news.php?nt_seq_id=1628290

一條重生的大河（哥倫比亞河）
http://e-info.org.tw/reviewer/suyiping/re-suyiping01020101.htm

『西雅圖酋長之語』（中文版）
http://www.geocities.com/~smewmao/vcenter/cseattle.html

西雅圖酋長的聲明（英文版）
http://www.geocities.com/~smewmao/vcenter/eseattle.html

How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them?

Every part of the Earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every clear and humming insect is holy in the memory and experience of my people. The sap which courses through the trees carries the memory of red man.

The white man's dead forget the country of their birth when they go to walk among the stars. Our dead never forget this beautiful Earth, for it is the mother of the red man. We are part of the Earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters, the deer, the horse, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadows, the body heat of the pony, and the man, all belong to the same family.

So, when the Great Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land, he asks much of us. The Great White Chief sends word he will reserve us a place so that we can live comfortably to ourselves. He will be our father and we will be his children.

So we will consider your offer to buy land. But it will not be easy. For this land is sacred to us. This shining water that moves in streams and rivers is not just water but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you land, you must remember that it is sacred, and you must teach your children that it is sacred and that each ghostly reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events in the life of my people. The waters murmur is the voice of my father's father.

The rivers of our brothers they quench our thirst. The rivers carry our canoes and feed our children. If we sell you our land, you must remember to teach your children that the rivers are our brothers, and yours, and you must henceforth give the rivers the kindness that you would give my brother.

We know that the white man does not understand our ways. One portion of land is the same to him as the next, for he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs. The Earth is not his brother, but his enemy and when he has conquered it, he moves on. He leaves his father's graves behind, and he does not care. He kidnaps the Earth from his children, and he does not care. His father's grave, and his children's birthright are forgotten. He treats his mother, the Earth, and his brother, the same, as things to be bought, plundered, sold like sheep or bright beads. His appetite will devour the Earth and leave behind only a desert.

I do not know. Our ways are different from yours ways. The sight of your cities pains the eyes of the red man. But perhaps it is because the red man is a savage and does not understand. There is no quiet place in the white man's cities. No place to hear the unfurling of leaves in spring, or the rustle of an insect's wings. But perhaps it is because I am a savage and do not understand. The clatter only seems to insult the ears. And what is there to life if a man cannot hear the lonely cry of a whippoorwill or the arguments of the frogs around a pond at night. I am a red man and do not understand. The Indian prefers the soft sound of the wind darting over the face of the pond, and the smell of the wind itself, cleansed by a midday rain, or scented with the pinon pine.

The air is precious to the red man, for all things share the same breath - the beast, the tree, the man, they all share the same breath. The white man does not seem to notice the air he breathes. Like a man dying for many days, he is numb to the stench. But if we sell you our land, you must remember that the air is precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports.

The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his last sigh. And if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where even the white man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow's flowers. So we will consider your offer to buy our land. If we decide to accept, I will make one condition - the white man must treat the beasts of this land as his brothers. I am a savage and do not understand any other way. I have seen a thousand rotting buffaloes on the prairie, left by the white man who shot them from a passing train. I am a savage and do not understand how the smoking iron horse can be made more important than the buffalo that we kill only to stay alive. What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of the spirit. For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man. All things are connected.

You must teach your children that the ground beneath their feet is the ashes of our grandfathers. So that they will respect the land, tell your children that the Earth is rich with the lives of our kin. Teach your children what we have taught our children, that the Earth is our mother. Whatever befalls the Earth befalls the sons of the Earth. If men spit upon the ground, they spit upon themselves.

This we know - the Earth does not belong to man - man belongs to the Earth. This we know. All things are connected like the blood which unites one family. All things are connected. Whatever befalls the Earth - befalls the sons of the Earth. Man did not weave the web of life - he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. Even the white man, whose God walks and talks with him as friend to friend, cannot be exempt from the common destiny. We may be brothers after all. We shall see. One thing we know, which the white man may one day discover - Our God is the same God.

You may think now that you own Him as you wish to own our land, but you cannot. He is the God of man, and His compassion is equal for red man and the white. The Earth is precious to Him, and to harm the Earth is to heap contempt on its Creator. The whites too shall pass, perhaps sooner than all other tribes. Contaminate your bed, and you will one night suffocate in your own waste.

But in your perishing you will shine brightly, fired by the strength of the God who brought you to this land and for some special purpose gave you dominion over this land and over the red man.

That destiny is a mystery to us, for we do not understand when the buffalo are slaughtered, the wild horses tamed, the secret corners of the forest heavy with scent of many men, and the view of the ripe hills blotted by talking wires.

Where is the thicket?　Gone.

Where is the Eagle?　Gone.

The end of living and the beginning of survival.

西雅圖酋長之語

最近更新日期：一九九六年三月廿五日

您怎麼能夠買賣穹蒼與土地的溫馨？ 多奇怪的想法啊！ 假如我們並不擁有空氣的清新與流水的光彩，您怎能買下它們呢？

對我的人民而言，大地的每一部份都是聖潔的。每一枝閃亮的松針、每一處沙洲、每一片密林中的薄靄、每一隻嗡嗡作響的蟲兒，在我人民的記憶與經驗中都是神聖的。樹中流動著的汁液，載負著紅人們的記憶。

當白人的鬼魂在繁星之中遊蕩時，早已忘卻他們出生的家園。但我們的靈魂從不曾忘記這片美麗的土地，因為她是紅人的母親。我們屬於大地，而大地也是我們的一部份。芬芳的花朵是我的姊妹，鹿兒、馬兒和巨鵰都是我們的兄弟。怪石嶙峋的山峰、草原上的露水、小馬溫暖的身體、及我們人類，都是一家人。

所以，當偉大的白人領袖自華盛頓傳話來，說他想要買我們的土地時，他要求的實在太多了。他說，他會為我們保留一片土地，讓我們得以舒服地過日子。 他將成為我們的父兄，而我們將是他的子民。

因此，我們得考慮你們的要求。但實際上，那是多麼不可能啊！因為這是我們神聖的土地。小溪河川裡波光粼粼的流水，對我們而言，不只是水，而是先祖們的血液。倘若我們把土地賣給你們，你們必需記住，這是神聖的土地。而你們也必定要告訴你們的子孫，它是聖潔的，每一片清澈湖水的朦朧倒影裏，都蘊藏著我們生活中的點點滴滴。河水喃喃的彽迴，是我袓先的聲音。

河水就如同我們的兄弟，滿足了我們的乾渴。河水載運了我們的獨木舟，並養育了我們的子孫。如果我們將土地賣給你們，你們必定要教導你們的子孫，它是我們的手足，也是你們的弟兄，因此，你必需對它付出關懷，一如你對待你的兄弟一樣。

我們知道，白人不能體會我們的想法。他們就像夜晚到訪的異鄉客，對大地予取予求，每一吋大地對他們而言，看來都是一樣的。他們將大地視為敵人，一步一步地加以征服，而非以兄弟之禮對待。他無視於父祖的墳地，他剝奪了子孫的土地，一點都不在乎祖先們的勞苦與後代生存的權力。他對待他的故土及兄弟，就如同綿羊與耀眼的首飾一樣，可以隨意地買賣與掠奪。他的貪婪將毀滅大地，而最後留下來的，將只是一片荒蕪。

我真的不懂。我們之間的生活方式是如此不同。你們城市的景象刺痛了紅人們的眼睛。但也許因為紅人們是野蠻人而無法理解吧！在白人的城鎮裡找不到寧靜。聽不到春天枝葉迎風招展的聲音，或是蟲兒拍翅的歡鳴。但也許因為我是個野蠻人而無法理解吧！ 這些喧鬧聲看來只會污損我們的耳朵。假如不能聽到夜鷹孤寂的叫聲，或是夜晚池畔青蛙的爭鳴。那會是怎麼樣的生活呢？我是紅人，所以不明白。印地安人喜歡微風拂過池面的輕柔細語，以及午後陣雨所洗淨、或是被矮松所薰香的風的味道。

大氣對紅人而言是珍貴的，因為野獸、森林、人類及萬物都分享著同樣的氣息。白人似乎不在意他們所呼吸的空氣。就好像死了幾天的人，已經對惡臭毫無知覺。但是，倘若我們將土地賣給你們，您們必需記得，大氣對我們而言是珍貴的，衪與衪所養育的萬物共享著這份靈氣。

風，送來了我們祖先的第一口氣，也帶走了他們最後一聲的嘆息。假如我們將土地賣給了你們，你們必需維持祂的獨特與莊嚴，使祂成為一塊即使是白人也可以品嚐被花草所薰香的風的地方。因此，我們得考慮你們的要求。假如我們接受的話，我有一個條件，那就是白人必需對待大地上的野獸如自已的兄弟一般。我只是個野人，並不瞭解其它的想法。我曾經目睹被路過火車上的白人所射殺的千萬頭野牛，牠們的屍體被棄置於大草原之上任其腐敗。我只是個野人，無法明白這冒著煙的鐵馬居然會比我們為了生存而殺死的野牛更為重要。人沒有了野獸會變得怎麼樣呢？ 倘若所有的動物都消失了，人類將死於心靈最深處的空虛寂寞。現在發生在野獸身上的事，很快地就會應驗到人類來。所有的一切都是相互有著關連性的。

你們務必教導你們的孩子，他們腳下的土地，是我們先民的遺蹟。因此，他們才會尊敬土地，告訴你們的孩子們，因為有著我們生命的存在，才使得大地更加地豐富。讓你們的孩子們知道，大地是我們的母親，我們向來如此教育著我們的子孫。任何發生在大地上的，必將同樣地降臨在祂的子民身上。假如人們唾棄了大地，其實他們就是唾棄了自己。

我們知道，大地不屬於人類，而人類屬於大地。我們知道，每一件事物都是有關連的，就好像血緣緊緊結合著一家人。所有的一切都是相互有著關連性的。現在發生在大地的事，必將應驗到人類身上來。人類並不主宰著生命，他只不過是其中的一小部份而已。他對大地做了什麼，都會回應到自己身上。即使與他們的上帝能如同朋友一般相處的白人，也無法免於相同的命運。畢竟，我們都是兄弟。我們知道一件事：終有一天我們會看到，白人必將發現我們的上帝是同一位！

你們現在也許認為，因為你們擁有神，所以也可以占有我們的土地，但是不能這樣。祂是眾人的神，祂的慈悲平等地分享給紅人與白人。大地對祂是珍貴的，對大地的傷害，是對造物主的輕蔑。白人也終將滅絕，甚至有可能比其它種族還快。如果你弄髒了自己的環境，總有一天會窒息在你所丟棄的垃圾之中。

但即使您們死了，上帝也會給您們榮耀，因為祂帶領您們到這片土地來，又不知為何給了您們統治紅人與土地的權力。

這樣的命運對我們來說真是難解。尤其當野牛被屠殺，野馬被訓服，當森林中最隱密的角落也充滿了人味，原始的山巒景觀被電話線所破壞時，我們真是不明白啊！

叢林哪兒去了？ 消失了！

老鷹哪兒去了？ 不見了！

美好的生活已經結束，殘喘求生的日子開始！

 

【註一】白人領袖：指當時的美國第14任總統 Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)

 

 

【後記】

1995年迪士尼的卡通《風中奇緣》(原名寶嘉康蒂，Pocahontas)，其主題曲《風之彩》(Colors of the Wind)由史蒂文舒茲(Stephen Schwarts)作詞，Alan Menken作曲，史蒂文舒茲寓意深長的歌，是這部電影感動人心、發人深省的關鍵。他援引美國原住民的觀點：「生命的本質乃源自大地」，以詩意的手法將人類和大自然的生命情懷緊緊相連。
從《大地英豪》(The Last of the Mohicans)，描述18世紀美加地區摩希根人滅絕前的最後戰役與悲歌，到《與狼共舞》這部電影，對印地安人熱情開闊與生活態度的深刻描述，看得到西方文明世界對過去歷史的省思，而《風中奇緣》中所要揭示的人本意念與自然哲學，更在這首歌詞中得以充份表達，願以此生命之歌，作為生命泉源的追尋與心靈分享~ 並珍愛我們共同擁有的藍天綠地、山川與河流。

 

 

Colors of the wind

You think you own whatever land you land on
The earth is just a dead thing you can claim
But I know every rock and tree and creature
Has a life, has a spirit, has a name

You think the only people who are people
Are the people who look and think like you
But if you walk the footsteps of a stranger
You'll learn things you never knew you never knew

*Have you ever heard the wolf cry
to the blue corn moon
Or asked the grinning bobcat why he grinned?
(Or let the eagle tell you where he's been)

Can you sing with all the voices of the mountain?
Can you paint with all the colors of the wind?
Can you paint with all the colors of the wind?

Come run the hidden pine trails of the forest
Come taste the sun-sweet berries of the earth
Come roll in all the riches all around you
And for once, never wonder what they're worth

The rainstorm and the river are my brothers
The heron and the otter are my friends
And we are all connected to each other
In a circle, in a hoop that never ends (*)

How high does the sycamore grow?
If you cut it down, then you'll never know
And you'll never hear the wolf cry
to the blue corn moon

For whether we are white or copper skinned
We need to sing with all the voices of the mountain
We need to paint with all the colors of the wind
You can own the earth and still
All you'll own is earth until

 

【PO文動機】

基於自己外婆是臺灣原住民的緣故，我開始涉獵世界相關原民的資訊文章，雖然看的資料不是自己本族祖先的史籍，但並不影響我欣賞那些崇尚自然生活哲學並尊重萬物生命的原民部族...在看完電影「阿凡達」後更加深我的意念，影片中敘述居住潘朵拉星球的納美人，他們與自然生態和平相處，將萬物視做平等相待，但從地球來的軍隊，卻想奪取埋在他們家園底下所蘊藏的礦產，再運回地球謀取暴利，而破壞整個潘朵拉星球的自然生態，納美人為了捍衛自己的美麗家園，保衛整座原木森林，不惜犧牲性命也要與地球人對抗。這令我想到美洲的原住民─印地安人，他們純真善良的個性，對海上航行而來的西方人熱情款待，得到的卻是文化的殘酷消滅；他們樂觀知足的天性，對自然萬物的取捨以不破壞生物鏈為基礎，換來的卻是生活區域被剝奪侵略，很想找回他們原先的樂觀知足天性、再次見識印地安人當時所開創輝煌的古文明帝國以及精湛的文化藝術。這篇1851年印地安酋長的聲明書是一份相當真摯感人的宣言，我萬萬想不到距今162年前的古印地安人竟擁有過人的廣闊胸懷和高智慧! 這位西雅圖酋長的保育前衛思想，居然超越當時入侵美洲大陸的新移民白人族群! 就算拿現今國際公認的環境保育標準重新閱讀本篇聲明書，依然擁有高價值可取的參考之處，不得不欽佩印地安人世代相傳的古老生活哲學觀。於是，基於這份來自百年前的感動，我想盡一點心力讓世人更加瞭解原住民文化的價值觀和保護自然生態的重要性，即使是默默無聞無人懂的空間，為了天堂的外婆我也願意一直搜尋資料PO文下去...

 

只為我自己的理念!　只因我是原民之後!

一種單純認識古老民族的文字探尋...